The automatic control is the technology which is under the circumstance of no person participating directly, making using of additional equipment or device (control device, controller or regulator), makes some operates states or parameters (control variables) of equipment, plant and process automatically follow the pre-arranged regulation.
**控制系统**:由相互关联的部件按一定的结构构成的系统,能够提供预期的系统响应。
**Control System**:An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired system response.
**自动控制系统**:无人直接参与的控制系统,称为自动控制系统。
A control system without people involved directly is called **automatic control system**.
To understand and control complex systems, one must obtain **quantitative** mathematical models of these systems. The tools are differential equations.
To simplify the method of solution, it is often necessary to linearize the systems by the introduction of some assumptions.
Then the Laplace transform can be utilized to obtain a solution.
数学模型是一个定量问题,准确认识事物的量是认识的深化和精确化。
Mathematical models are the mathematical expressions that describe the relationships of the system physical variables.
**Transfer function**: The transfer function of a linear system is defined as the ratio of the
Laplace transform of the output variable to the Laplace transform of the input variable, with all initial conditions assumed to be zero. The transfer function is:
$$ \frac{\text{Output}}{\text{Input}} = G(s) = \frac{\mathcal{L}[c(t)]}{\mathcal{L}[r(t)]} = \frac{C(s)}{R(s)} $$
A general express of transfer function is:
$$ G(s) = \frac{b_ms^m + b_{m-1}s^{m-1} + \cdots + b_1s + b_0 }{ a_ns^n + a_{n-1}s^{n-1} + \cdots a_1s + a_0 } $$
The transfer function have another two forms:
1.Root Locus standard form:
$$ G(s) = \frac{K^*\prod \limits_{i=1}^m(s-z_i)}{\prod \limits_{j=1}^n(s-p_j)} $$
2.Time constant standard form:
$$ G(s) = \frac{K \prod \limits_{i=1}^m( \tau_is + 1)}{\prod \limits_{j=1}^n(T_js+1)} $$
Block diagrams are unidirectional, operational blocks that represent the transfer functions of the elements of the system.
**开环控制系统**的输出端与输入端之间不存在反馈回路,输出量对系统的控制作用没有影响,直接利用执行机构对过程进行控制。
An open-loop control system utilizes an actuating device to control the process directly without using feedback.
**闭环控制系统**的输出端与输入端之间存在反馈回路,输出量对系统的控制作用有影响。
A closed-loop control system uses a measurement of output and feedback of this signal to compare it with the desired output (reference or command).
**复合控制系统**既包含开环控制,又包含闭环控制。
A combination control system (CCS) consists of open-loop system (OLS) and closed-loop system (CLS), i.e. CCS = OLS + CLS